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The art of surveillance has been practised throughout history. Sun Tzu's The Art of War, for example, written in the fifth century BC, contains a chapter on The Use of Spies where he describes the different ways spies may be used to monitor enemy forces.
The most crucial development that has taken place with the rise of democratic states over the last two to three hundred years is that the focus of state surveillance has shifted from external threats to the monitoring of the state's own population...
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